Tumor eradication by inositol-tripyrophosphate

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to various salts of inositol tripyrophosphate including the calcium, lithium, beryllium, magnesium, potassium, strontium, barium, rubidium and cesium salts of inositol tripyrophosphate, compositions comprising these salts, methods of making the various salts, and methods of use of the above salts. Methods of use include administering the above salts in an effective amount in individuals for the treatment of various types of cancers, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, stroke and osteoporosis.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/384,012, filed Mar. 17, 2006, which applicationclaims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.60/663,491, filed Mar. 18, 2005, both of which are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety. This application is also acontinuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/396,338, filed Mar. 31, 2006, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/175,979, filed Jul. 6, 2005, whichapplication claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/585,804, filed Jul. 6, 2004, all of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to compositions and methods for usingthe calcium salt of inositol-tripyrophosphate (ITPP-Ca) to eradicatetumors. ITPP-Ca is an allosteric effector of hemoglobin which has theability to cross the plasma membrane of red blood cells and lower theoxygen affinity of the hemoglobin of red blood cells. The presentinvention is further directed to the use of ITPP-Ca to inhibitangiogenesis and enhance radiation sensitivity of hypoxic tumors. Thepresent invention is further directed to the use of ITPP-Ca/Na mixedsalt to enhance PO₂ in hypoxic tumors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the vascular system of an adult human being, blood has a volume ofabout 5 to 6 liters. Approximately one half of this volume is occupiedby cells, including red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells(leukocytes), and blood platelets. Red blood cells comprise the majorityof the cellular components of blood. Plasma, the liquid portion ofblood, is approximately 90 percent water and 10 percent various solutes.These solutes include plasma proteins, organic metabolites and wasteproducts, and inorganic compounds.

The major function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen from thelungs to the tissues of the body, and transport carbon dioxide from thetissues to the lungs for removal. Very little oxygen is transported bythe blood plasma because oxygen is only sparingly soluble in aqueoussolutions. Most of the oxygen carried by the blood is transported by thehemoglobin of the erythrocytes. Erythrocytes in mammals do not containnuclei, mitochondria or any other intracellular organelles, and they donot use oxygen in their own metabolism. Red blood cells contain about 35percent by weight hemoglobin, which is responsible for binding andtransporting oxygen.

Hemoglobin is a protein having a molecular weight of approximately64,500 daltons. It contains four polypeptide chains and four hemeprosthetic groups in which iron atoms are bound in the ferrous state.Normal globin, the protein portion of the hemoglobin molecule, consistsof two alpha chains and two beta chains. Each of the four chains has acharacteristic tertiary structure in which the chain is folded. The fourpolypeptide chains fit together in an approximately tetrahedralarrangement, to constitute the characteristic quaternary structure ofhemoglobin. There is one heme group bound to each polypeptide chainwhich can reversibly bind one molecule of molecular oxygen. Whenhemoglobin combines with oxygen, oxyhemoglobin is formed. When oxygen isreleased, the oxyhemoglobin is reduced to deoxyhemoglobin.

Delivery of oxygen to tissues, including tumors, depends upon a numberof factors including, but not limited to, the volume of blood flow, thenumber of red blood cells, the concentration of hemoglobin in the redblood cells, the oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin and, in certainspecies, on the molar ratio of intraerythrocytic hemoglobins with highand low oxygen affinity. The oxygen affinity of hemoglobin depends onfour factors as well, namely: (1) the partial pressure of oxygen; (2)the pH; (3) the concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) in thehemoglobin; and (4) the concentration of carbon dioxide. In the lungs,at an oxygen partial pressure of 100 mm Hg, approximately 98% ofcirculating hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen. This represents thetotal oxygen transport capacity of the blood. When fully oxygenated, 100ml of whole mammalian blood can carry about 21 ml of gaseous oxygen.

The effect of the partial pressure of oxygen and the pH on the abilityof hemoglobin to bind oxygen is best illustrated by examination of theoxygen saturation curve of hemoglobin. An oxygen saturation curve plotsthe percentage of total oxygen-binding sites of a hemoglobin moleculethat are occupied by oxygen molecules when solutions of the hemoglobinmolecule are in equilibrium with different partial pressures of oxygenin the gas phase.

The oxygen saturation curve for hemoglobin is sigmoid. Thus, binding thefirst molecule of oxygen increases the affinity of the remaininghemoglobin for binding additional oxygen molecules. As the partialpressure of oxygen is increased, a plateau is approached at which eachof the hemoglobin molecules is saturated and contains the upper limit offour molecules of oxygen.

The reversible binding of oxygen by hemoglobin is accompanied by therelease of protons, according to the equation:HHb ⁺+O₂

HbO₂+H⁺

Thus, an increase in the pH will pull the equilibrium to the right andcause hemoglobin to bind more oxygen at a given partial pressure. Adecrease in the pH will decrease the amount of oxygen bound.

In the lungs, the partial pressure of oxygen in the air spaces isapproximately 90 to 100 mm Hg and the pH is also high relative to normalblood pH (up to 7.6). Therefore, hemoglobin will tend to become almostmaximally saturated with oxygen in the lungs. At that pressure and pH,hemoglobin is approximately 98 percent saturated with oxygen. On theother hand, in the capillaries in the interior of the peripheraltissues, the partial pressure of oxygen is only about 25 to 40 mm Hg andthe pH is also nearly neutral (about 7.2 to 7.3). Because muscle cellsuse oxygen at a high rate, thereby lowering the local concentration ofoxygen, the release of some of the bound oxygen to the tissue isfavored. As the blood passes through the capillaries in the muscles,oxygen will be released from the nearly saturated hemoglobin in the redblood cells into the blood plasma and then into the muscle cells.Hemoglobin will release about a fourth of its bound oxygen as it passesthrough the muscle capillaries, so that when it leaves the muscle, itwill be only about 75 percent saturated. In general, the hemoglobin inthe venous blood leaving the tissue cycles between about 65 and 97percent saturation with oxygen in its repeated circuits between thelungs and the peripheral tissues. Thus, oxygen partial pressure and pHfunction together to effect the release of oxygen by hemoglobin.

A third important factor in regulating the degree of oxygenation ofhemoglobin is the allosteric effector 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG). DPGis the normal physiological effector of hemoglobin in mammalianerythrocytes. DPG regulates the oxygen-binding affinity of hemoglobin inthe red blood cells in relationship to the oxygen partial pressure inthe lungs. The higher the concentration of DPG in the cell, the lowerthe affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

When the delivery of oxygen to the tissues is chronically reduced, theconcentration of DPG in the erythrocytes is higher than in normalindividuals. For example, at high altitudes the partial pressure ofoxygen is significantly less. Correspondingly, the partial pressure ofoxygen in the tissues is less. Within a few hours after a normal humansubject moves to a higher altitude, the DPG level in the red blood cellsincreases, causing more DPG to be bound and the oxygen affinity of thehemoglobin to decrease. Increases in the DPG level of red cells alsooccur in patients suffering from hypoxia. This adjustment allows thehemoglobin to release its bound oxygen more readily to the tissues tocompensate for the decreased oxygenation of hemoglobin in the lungs. Thereverse change occurs when people are acclimated to high altitudes anddescend to lower altitudes.

As normally isolated from blood, hemoglobin contains a considerableamount of DPG. When hemoglobin is “stripped” of its DPG, it shows a muchhigher affinity for oxygen. When DPG is increased, the oxygen bindingaffinity of hemoglobin decreases. A physiologic allosteric effector suchas DPG is therefore essential for the normal release of oxygen fromhemoglobin in the tissues.

While DPG is the normal physiologic effector of hemoglobin in mammalianred blood cells, phosphorylated inositols are found to play the samerole in the erythrocytes of some birds and reptiles. Although inositolhexaphosphate (IHP) is unable to pass through the mammalian erythrocytemembrane, it is capable of combining with hemoglobin of mammalian redblood cells at the binding site of DPG to modify the allostericconformation of hemoglobin, the effect of which is to reduce theaffinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. For example, DPG can be replaced byIHP, which is far more potent than DPG in reducing the oxygen affinityof hemoglobin. IHP has a 1000-fold higher affinity to hemoglobin thanDPG (R. E. Benesch et al., Biochemistry, Vol. 16, pages 2594-2597(1977)) and increases the P₅₀ of hemoglobin up to values of 96.4 mm, Hgat pH 7.4, and 37 degrees C. (J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 250, pages 7093-7098(1975)).

The oxygen release capacity of mammalian red blood cells can be enhancedby introducing certain allosteric effectors of hemoglobin intoerythrocytes, thereby decreasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygenand improving the oxygen economy of the blood. This phenomenon suggestsvarious medical applications for treating individuals who areexperiencing lowered oxygenation of their tissues due to the inadequatefunction of their lungs or circulatory system.

Because of the potential medical benefits to be achieved from the use ofthese modified erythrocytes, various techniques have been developed inthe prior art to enable the encapsulation of allosteric effectors ofhemoglobin in erythrocytes. Accordingly, numerous devices have beendesigned to assist or simplify the encapsulation procedure. Theencapsulation methods known in the art include osmotic pulse (swelling)and reconstitution of cells, controlled lysis and resealing,incorporation of liposomes, and electroporation. Current methods ofelectroporation make the procedure commercially impractical on a scalesuitable for commercial use.

The following references describe the incorporation of polyphosphatesinto red blood cells by the interaction of liposomes loaded with IHP:Gersonde, et al., “Modification of the Oxygen Affinity of IntracellularHemoglobin by Incorporation of Polyphosphates into Intact Red BloodCells and Enhanced O₂ Release in the Capillary System”, Biblthca.Haemat., No. 46, pp. 81-92 (1980); Gersonde, et al., “Enhancement of theO₂ Release Capacity and of the Bohr-Effect of Human Red Blood Cellsafter Incorporation of Inositol Hexaphosphate by Fusion withEffector-Containing Lipid Vesicles”, Origins of Cooperative Binding ofHemoglobin (1982); and Weiner, “Right Shifting of Hb-O₂ Dissociation inViable Red Cells by Liposomal Technique,” Biology of the Cell, Vol. 47,(1983).

Additionally, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,192,869, 4,321,259, and 4,473,563 toNicolau et al. describe a method whereby fluid-charged lipid vesiclesare fused with erythrocyte membranes, depositing their contents into thered blood cells. In this manner, it is possible to transport allostericeffectors, such as IHP into erythrocytes, where due to its much higherbinding constant IHP replaces DPG at its binding site in hemoglobin.

In accordance with the liposome technique, IHP is dissolved in aphosphate buffer until the solution is saturated and a mixture of lipidvesicles is suspended in the solution. The suspension is then subjectedto ultrasonic treatment or an injection process, and then centrifuged.The upper suspension contains small lipid vesicles containing IHP, whichare then collected. Erythrocytes are added to the collected suspensionand incubated, during which time the lipid vesicles containing IHP fusewith the cell membranes of the erythrocytes, thereby depositing theircontents into the interior of the erythrocyte. The modified erythrocytesare then washed and added to plasma to complete the product.

The drawbacks associated with the liposomal technique include poorreproducibility of the IHP concentrations incorporated in the red bloodcells and significant hemolysis of the red blood cells followingtreatment. Additionally, commercialization is not practical because theprocedure is tedious and complicated.

In an attempt to solve the drawbacks associated with the liposomaltechnique, a method of lysing and the resealing red blood cells wasdeveloped. This method is described in the following publication:Nicolau, et al., “Incorporation of Allosteric Effectors of Hemoglobin inRed Blood Cells. Physiologic Effects,” Biblthca. Haemat., No. 51, pp.92-107, (1985). Related U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,752,586 and 4,652,449 to Roparset al. also describe a procedure of encapsulating substances havingbiological activity in human or animal erythrocytes by controlled lysisand resealing of the erythrocytes, which avoids the red bloodcell-liposome interactions.

The technique is best characterized as a continuous flow dialysissystem, which functions in a manner similar to the osmotic pulsetechnique. Specifically, the primary compartment of at least onedialysis element is continuously supplied with an aqueous suspension oferythrocytes, while the secondary compartment of the dialysis elementcontains an aqueous solution which is hypotonic with respect to theerythrocyte suspension. The hypotonic solution causes the erythrocytesto lyse. The erythrocyte lysate is then contacted with the biologicallyactive substance to be incorporated into the erythrocyte. To reseal themembranes of the erythrocytes, the osmotic and/or oncotic pressure ofthe erythrocyte lysate is increased and the suspension of resealederythrocytes is recovered.

In related U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,874,690 and 5,043,261 to Goodrich et al., arelated technique involving lyophilization and reconstitution of redblood cells is disclosed. As part of the process of reconstituting thered blood cells, the addition of various polyanions, including IHP, isdescribed. Treatment of the red blood cells according to the processdisclosed results in a cell with unaffected activity. Presumably, theIHP is incorporated into the cell during the reconstitution process,thereby maintaining the activity of the hemoglobin.

In U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,478,824 and 4,931,276 to Franco et al., a secondrelated method and apparatus is described for introducing effectivelynon-ionic agents, including IHP, into mammalian red blood cells byeffectively lysing and resealing the cells. The procedure is describedas the “osmotic pulse technique.” In practicing the osmotic pulsetechnique, a supply of packed red blood cells is suspended and incubatedin a solution containing a compound which readily diffuses into and outof the cells, the concentration of the compound being sufficient tocause diffusion thereof into the cells so that the contents of the cellsbecome hypertonic. Next, a trans-membrane ionic gradient is created bydiluting the solution containing the hypertonic cells with anessentially isotonic aqueous medium in the presence of at least onedesired agent to be introduced, thereby causing diffusion of water intothe cells with a consequent swelling and an increase in permeability ofthe outer membranes of the cells. This “osmotic pulse” causes thediffusion of water into the cells and a resultant swelling of the cellswhich increase the permeability of the outer cell membrane to thedesired agent. The increase in permeability of the membrane ismaintained for a period of time sufficient only to permit transport ofat least one agent into the cells and diffusion of the compound out ofthe cells.

Polyanions which may be used in practicing the osmotic pulse techniqueinclude pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate, phosphorylated inositols,2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG), adenosine triphosphate, heparin, andpolycarboxylic acids which are water-soluble, and non-disruptive to thelipid outer bilayer membranes of red blood cells.

The osmotic pulse technique has several shortcomings including low yieldof encapsulation, incomplete resealing, loss of cell content and acorresponding decrease in the life span of the cells. The technique istedious, complicated and unsuited to automation. For these reasons, theosmotic pulse technique has had little commercial success.

Another method for encapsulating various biologically-active substancesin erythrocytes is electroporation. Electroporation has been used forencapsulation of foreign molecules in different cell types, includingIHP in red blood cells, as described in Mouneimne, et al., “Stablerightward shifts of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve induced byencapsulation of inositol hexaphosphate in red blood cells usingelectroporation,” FEBS, Vol. 275, No. 1, 2, pp. 117-120 (1990). Also,see U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,207.

Angiogenesis is the generation of new blood vessels into a tissue ororgan and is related to oxygen tension in the tissues. Under normalphysiological conditions, humans and animals undergo angiogenesis onlyin very specific, restricted situations. For example, angiogenesis isnormally observed in wound healing, fetal and embryonal development, andformation of the corpus luteum, endometrium and placenta.

Angiogenesis is controlled through a highly regulated system ofangiogenic stimulators and inhibitors. The control of angiogenesis isaltered in certain disease states and, in many cases, pathologicaldamage associated with the diseases is related to uncontrolledangiogenesis. Both controlled and uncontrolled angiogenesis are thoughtto proceed in a similar manner. Endothelial cells and pericytes,surrounded by a basement membrane, form capillary blood vessels.Angiogenesis begins with the erosion of the basement membrane by enzymesreleased by endothelial cells and leukocytes. Endothelial cells, liningthe lumen of blood vessels, then protrude through the basement membrane.Angiogenic stimulants induce the endothelial cells to migrate throughthe eroded basement membrane. The migrating cells form a “sprout” offthe parent blood vessel where the endothelial cells undergo mitosis andproliferate. The endothelial sprouts merge with each other to formcapillary loops, creating a new blood vessel.

Persistent, unregulated angiogenesis occurs in many disease states,tumor metastases, and abnormal growth by endothelial cells. The diversepathological disease states in which unregulated angiogenesis is presenthave been grouped together as angiogenic-dependent orangiogenic-associated diseases.

The hypothesis that tumor growth is angiogenesis-dependent was firstproposed in 1971. (Folkman, New Eng. J. Med., 285:1182-86 (1971)). Inits simplest terms, this hypothesis states: “Once tumor ‘take’ hasoccurred, every increase in tumor cell population must be preceded by anincrease in new capillaries converging on the tumor.” Tumor ‘take’ iscurrently understood to indicate a prevascular phase of tumor growth inwhich a population of tumor cells occupying a few cubic millimetersvolume, and not exceeding a few million cells, can survive on existinghost microvessels. Expansion of tumor volume beyond this phase requiresthe induction of new capillary blood vessels. For example, pulmonarymicrometastases in the early prevascular phase in mice would beundetectable except by high power microscopy on histological sections.

Angiogenesis has been associated with a number of different types ofcancer, including solid tumors and blood-borne tumors. Solid tumors withwhich angiogenesis has been associated include, but are not limited to,rhabdomyosarcomas, retinoblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma, neuroblastoma, andosteosarcoma. Angiogenesis is also associated with blood-borne tumors,such as leukemias, any of various acute or chronic neoplastic diseasesof the bone marrow in which unrestrained proliferation of white bloodcells occurs, usually accompanied by anemia, impaired blood clotting,and enlargement of the lymph nodes, liver and spleen. It is believedthat angiogenesis plays a role in the abnormalities in the bone marrowthat give rise to leukemia tumors and multiple myeloma diseases.

One of the most frequent angiogenic diseases of childhood is thehemangioma. A hemangioma is a tumor composed of newly formed bloodvessels. In most cases, the tumors are benign and regress withoutintervention. In more severe cases, the tumors progress to largecavernous and infiltrative forms and create clinical complications.Systemic forms of hemangiomas, hemangiomatoses, have a high mortalityrate. Therapy-resistant hemangiomas exist that cannot be treated withtherapeutics currently in use.

Another angiogenesis associated disease is rheumatoid arthritis. Theblood vessels in the synovial lining of the joints undergo angiogenesis.In addition to forming new vascular networks, the endothelial cellsrelease factors and reactive oxygen species that lead to pannus growthand cartilage destruction. Angiogenesis may also play a role inosteoarthritis. The activation of the chondrocytes by angiogenic-relatedfactors contributes to the destruction of the joint. At a later stage,the angiogenic factors promote new bone growth. Therapeutic interventionthat prevents the cartilage destruction could halt the progress of thedisease and provide relief for persons suffering with arthritis.

Chronic inflammation may also involve pathological angiogenesis. Suchdiseases as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease show histologicalchanges with the ingrowth of new blood vessels into inflamed tissues.Bartonelosis, a bacterial infection found in South America, can resultin a chronic stage that is characterized by proliferation of vascularendothelial cells. Another pathological role associated withangiogenesis is found in atherosclerosis. The plaques formed within thelumen of blood vessels have been shown to have angiogenic stimulatoryactivity.

As mentioned above, several lines of evidence indicate that angiogenesisis essential for the growth and persistence of solid tumors and theirmetastases. Once angiogenesis is stimulated, tumors upregulate theproduction of a variety of angiogenic factors, including fibroblastgrowth factors (aFGF and bFGF) and vascular endothelial growthfactor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) [2,3].

The role of VEGF in the regulation of angiogenesis has been the objectof intense investigation [5-10]. Whereas VEGF represents a critical,rate-limiting step in physiological angiogenesis, it appears to be alsoimportant in pathological angiogenesis, such as that associated withtumor growth [11]. VEGF is also known as vascular permeability factor,based on its ability to induce vascular leakage [13]. Several solidtumors produce ample amounts of VEGF, which stimulates proliferation andmigration of endothelial cells, thereby inducing neovascularization[12,13]. VEGF expression has been shown to significantly affect theprognosis of different kinds of human cancer. Oxygen tension in thetumor has a key role in regulating the expression of VEGF gene. VEGFmRNA expression is induced by exposure to low oxygen tension under avariety of pathophysiological circumstances [13]. Growing tumors arecharacterized by hypoxia, which induces expression of VEGF and may alsobe a predictive factor for the occurrence of metastatic disease.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, neurodegenerative diseasecharacterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed ofmisplaced proteins in parts of the brain involved in memory, learning,language, and reasoning. Age is the most important risk factor forAlzheimer's disease and the number of people with the disease doublesevery five years beyond age 65. As the disease progresses, communicationbetween the neurons of the brain break down. In early stages, short-termmemory begins to fail. Over time, Alzheimer's diseases destroyscognition, personality and the ability to function. Alzheimer's diseaseis the most common cause of dementia in older adults. Dementia is a lossof mental functions, that are severe enough to interfere with dailyfunctioning.

There are two basic types of Alzheimer's disease: early on-setAlzheimer's disease tends to strike people under age 65 and is morelikely to run in families. Late-onset Alzheimer's disease, the morecommon type, generally afflicts people after age 65. The pathologicalbasis for Alzheimer's disease remains unknown, although researchers havemade some progress. Suggested mechanisms for the disease includecerebral hypoperfusion, inflammation, gene polymorphisms, and molecularlesions in the brain. It is suspected that the vascular endothelial cellhas a central role in the progressive destruction of cortical neurons inAlzheimer's disease.

In Alzheimer's disease, the brain endothelium secretes the precursorsubstrate for the beta-amyloid plaque and a neurotoxic peptide thatselectively kills cortical neurons. Large populations of endothelialcells are activated by angiogenesis due to brain hypoxia andinflammation. Results of epidemiological studies have shown thatlong-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, statins,histamine H2-receptor blockers, or calcium-channel blockers have aneffect on Alzheimer's disease. This effect may be largely due to theability of these drugs to inhibit angiogenesis. Research hasdemonstrated that Alzheimer's disease is an angiogenesis-dependentdisorder. (Vagnucci, et al., Alzheimer's disease and angiogenesis.Lancet, 361 (9357): 605-608, Feb. 15, 2003.) Further, angiogenesis asthe result of dysfunctional cerebral vasculature, may be both aconsequence and contributory factor to the etiopathology of theAlzheimer's disease process. (Pogue, et al., Angiogenic signaling inAlzheimer's disease. Neuroreport, 15 (9): 1507-1510, Jun. 28, 2004.

What is needed, therefore, is a substantially non-toxic composition andmethod that can regulate oxygen tension in the tissue, especially atumor. In addition, what is needed is a simple and easily administered,preferably orally, composition that is capable of causing significantright shifts of the P₅₀ value for red blood cells.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a composition comprising the calcium saltof inositol-tripyrophosphate (ITPP-Ca) that is effective in treatingdiseases characterized by abnormal angiogenesis. The compositions andmethods of the present invention have a distinct advantage over theprior art in that the compositions and methods of the present inventionare substantially non-toxic when compared to compositions in the priorart. The present invention also provides for substantially non-toxicmethods of using ITPP-Ca for increasing the regulated delivery of oxygento tissues including tumors. For example, the regulation of vascularendothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a human or animal can be effectedusing ITPP-Ca which has entered the red blood cell, thus lowering theaffinity for oxygen of circulating erythrocytes. In an embodiment of thepresent invention, ITPP-Ca can affect VEGF mRNA expression, proteinconcentration, and tumor cell proliferation. Also, a method ofregulating VEGF expression, both in vitro and in vivo, using ITPP-Ca iscontemplated and therefore within the scope of the present invention.

The present invention further comprises substantially non-toxiccompositions and methods for using ITPP-Ca in pure hemoglobin and in redblood cells to deliver oxygen to solid tumors, to inhibit angiogenesisand to enhance radiation sensitivity of hypoxic tumors. The presentinvention is further directed to the use of ITPP-Ca to enhance PO₂ inhypoxic tumors. ITPP-Ca is an allosteric effector of hemoglobin and iscapable of reducing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, which enhances therelease of oxygen by hemoglobin. Upon cellular demand, ITPP-Ca caninhibit VEGF expression in tumor cells and, thus, angiogenesis.

The present invention further comprises compositions and methods forusing ITPP in red blood cells to treat Alzheimer's disease.

A disease characterized by undesirable angiogenesis or undesirableangiogenesis, as defined herein includes, but is not limited to,excessive or abnormal stimulation of endothelial cells (e.g.atherosclerosis), blood borne tumors, solid tumors and tumor metastasis,benign tumors, for example, hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas,neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas, vascular malfunctionsand disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, abnormal wound healing,inflammatory and immune disorders, Bechet's disease, gout, or goutyarthritis, diabetic retinopathy and other ocular angiogenic diseasessuch as retinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasic), maculardegeneration, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma and OslerWeber syndrome (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease). Cancers that can be treatedby the present invention include, but is not limited to, breast cancer,prostrate cancer, renal cell cancer, brain cancer, ovarian cancer, coloncancer, bladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer, esophagealcancer, cutaneous melanoma, liver cancer, lung cancer, testicularcancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, cervical cancer, lymphoma,parathyroid cancer, penile cancer, rectal cancer, small intestinecancer, thyroid cancer, uterine cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, lip and oralcancer, skin cancer, leukemia or multiple myeloma.

While not intending to be bound to the following hypothesis, it isbelieved that the mechanism of action of calcium/sodium mixed salt ofITPP is related to O₂ delivery capacity of Red Blood Cells to hypoxictissue increasing the O₂ tension up to value of normal tissue (˜40 mmHg). Normal O₂ tension supresses hypoxia-induced HIF 1alpha, whichregulates more than 60 genes associated with tumor cell growth,especially VEGF, necessary for angiogenesis. Angiogenesis isconsequently inhibited. Due to high O₂ tension in the tumors (comparedto their normal hypoxic state) increased concentrations ofoxygen-containing free radicals are created, which in turn restoreapoptosis (programmed cell death) in the cancer cells.

The mechanism of action of ITPP is thought to be via the allostericregulation of hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen and has 2 stages:

1. Suppression of HIF-1 alpha, VEGF and apoptosis by the high O2-tensionin the tumor

2. Induction of apoptosis in tumor cells.

An object of the invention is to provide a substantially non-toxiccomposition and method for treating cancer and other angiogenic diseasestates and conditions using ITPP-Ca in an effective dose.

Another object of the invention is to provide a composition and methodfor enhancing oxygen delivery to hypoxic tumors using ITPP-Ca in aneffective dose.

Yet another object of the invention is to provide a composition andmethod for inhibiting angiogenesis using ITPP-Ca in an effective dose.

A further object of the invention is to provide a composition and methodfor enhancing radiation sensitivity of hypoxic tumors using ITPP-Ca inan effective dose.

It is yet another object of the invention to provide a composition andmethod of treating hypoxic tumors and diseases using ITPP-Ca in aneffective dose.

Another object of the invention is to provide a composition and methodusing ITPP-Ca in an effective dose that can regulate oxygen tension inthe tissue, especially a tumor.

Yet another object of the invention is to provide a composition andmethod for treating Alzheimer's disease.

A further object of the invention is to provide a simple and easilyadministered, preferably oral composition that is capable of causingsignificant right shifts of the P₅₀ value for red blood cells usingITPP-Ca in an effective dose.

These and other objects, features and advantages of the presentinvention will become apparent after a review of the following detaileddescription of the disclosed embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts the chemical structure of the calcium salt ofinositol-tri-pyrophosphate (ITPP).

FIG. 2 shows the time course of the induced right shift of theO₂-hemoglobin dissociation curve (ODC) in the mice ingesting ITPP for 4days, as well as the absence of significant P₅₀ shifts in the controlanimals.

FIG. 3 shows that the level of ions, such as sodium and potassium andcalcium, were normal after oral application of ITPP in mice.

FIG. 4 shows the relation of P₅₀ shift [%] to number of erythrocytes/mm³in mice having received ITPP.

FIG. 5 demonstrates ITPP toleration by mice, up to a concentration of150 mM. The level of ions, such as sodium, potassium and calcium werenormal after intraperitoneal (ip) injection.

FIG. 6 shows an agarose gel indicating the VEGF mRNA concentrations intumors from control and ITPP drinking animals.

FIG. 7 shows the Western blot assay of the expressed VEGF in tumors ofcontrol and ITPP-treated Lewis Lung carcinoma (LLC) tumor-bearinganimals.

FIG. 8 shows ITPP-loaded RBCs suppression of HIF-1 induction, VEGF andangiogenesis of hypoxic endothelial cells in vitro.

FIG. 9 shows the destruction of Morris hepatoma by ITPP in rats after 4weekly IV inoculations.

FIG. 10 shows ITPP as a dual action radiation sensitizer andangiogenesis inhibitor in pancreatic and rectal cancers.

FIG. 11 shows the affect of ITPP on survival of rats bearing Morrishepatomas.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Compositions that are useful in accordance with the present inventioninclude the calcium salt of inositol-tripyrophosphate (ITPP-Ca). It isalso contemplated and therefore within the scope of the invention thatcompositions of the present invention may include lithium, beryllium,magnesium, potassium, strontium, barium, rubidium and cesium salts ofITPP, either in combination with ITPP-Ca, in mixtures with each other,or optionally used alone.

ITPP exhibits anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor properties, and is usefulin controlling angiogenesis-, or proliferation-related events,conditions or substances. As used herein, the control of an angiogenic-,or proliferation-related event, condition, or substance refers to anyqualitative or quantitative change in any type of factor, condition,activity, indicator, chemical or combination of chemicals, mRNA,receptor, marker, mediator, protein, transcriptional activity or thelike, that may be or is believed to be related to angiogenesis orproliferation, and that results from administering the composition ofthe present invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that theinvention extends to other compositions or compounds in the claimsbelow, having the described characteristics. These characteristics canbe determined for each test compound using the assays detailed below andelsewhere in the literature.

Other such assays include counting of cells in tissue culture plates orassessment of cell number through metabolic assays or incorporation intoDNA of labeled (radiochemically, for example ³H-thymidine, orfluorescently labeled) or immuno-reactive (BrdU) nucleotides. Inaddition, antiangiogenic activity may be evaluated through endothelialcell migration, endothelial cell tubule formation, or vessel outgrowthin ex-vivo models, such as rat aortic rings.

When administered orally, ITPP exhibits anti-tumor andanti-proliferative activity with little or no toxicity. ITPP was testedfor its ability to induce a decrease of the O₂-affinity of hemoglobinmeasured as a shift of the P₅₀ value (P₅₀ at 50% saturation ofhemoglobin). With murine hemoglobin and whole blood, P₅₀ shifts tohigher PO₂ of up to 250% with hemoglobin and up to 40% with whole bloodwere observed.

The results obtained with ITPP in mice and pigs strongly suggest thepossibility of its development as a therapeutic, due to its ability toenhance, in a regulated manner, oxygen delivery by red blood cells inthe cases of blood flow impairment.

The present invention has found that pigs injected intravenously withITPP-Na at a rate of 1 g/kg weight had beneficial properties associatedwith the introduction of ITPP-Na into their systems (as described inU.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/585,804, which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety); however, the introduction ofITPP-Na also resulted in a number of adverse side effects. These sideeffects included flushing, an increase in the heart rate, and a decreasein the Ca²⁺ plasma concentration.

ITPP, when administered orally, intravenously, or intraperitoneally,inhibits angiogenesis in growing tumors by enhancing PO₂ in the formingtumors. This invention further provides for methods of regulation ofvascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a human or animal, byadministering to the human or animal an effective amount of ITPP. Moreparticularly, this invention provides for dose-dependent effects of ITPPon VEGF mRNA and protein expressions in the LLC cell line. VEGF geneexpression in tumor bearing C57BL/6 mice was assayed and the effects ofITPP-induced down regulation of VEGF have been determined and correlatedwith modulation of cell proliferation. This invention resulted in thedevelopment of methods to control VEGF mRNA expression, proteinconcentration, and tumor cell proliferation. The results of thesestudies indicate a strong correlation between dose-dependentITPP-induced down regulation of VEGF and cellular proliferation andsuggests that ITPP can reduce VEGF mediated tumor angiogenesis, as wellas the rate of tumor cell proliferation. Thus, down-regulation of VEGFby ITPP decreases tumor cell proliferation.

The shifting of the P₅₀ value to higher O₂-partial pressures inhibitsthe expression of the hypoxia gene encoding VEGF in the tumors.Expression of the hypoxia gene encoding VEGF is necessary forangiogenesis to be stimulated in tumors. If this does not occur,angiogenesis is seriously inhibited and new vessels are not formed intumors.

The results obtained concerning VEGF expression suggests that oxygenpartial pressure in tumors is elevated upon administration of ITPP, asthis elevation is the cause of inhibition of expression of this hypoxiagene. This observation raises a very important question, namely whetherthis enhancement of PO₂ may not act as a powerful radiosensitizer ofcancer cells. Oxygen is a very potent radiosensitizer and, if indeed PO₂in the tumors is enhanced by ITPP, this may have major consequences inenhancing the efficacy of radiation therapy of cancer.

ITPP is a potential significant adjuvant in the therapy of solid tumorsas inhibitor of angiogenesis on one hand, and as a radiosensitizer onthe other.

Alzheimer's disease is linked to angiogenesis under the hypothesis thatthe vascular endothelial cells have a central role in the progressivedestruction of cortical neurons. This invention provides forITPP-induced down regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) and cellular proliferation and suggests that ITPP can reduce VEGFmediated Alzheimer's disease. This invention contemplates regulatingVEGF in a human or animal, by administering to the human or animal aneffective amount of ITPP. This invention resulted in the development ofmethods to control VEGF mRNA expression, protein concentration, andendothelial cell proliferation.

It is known that medial temporal oxygen metabolism is markedly affectedin patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. This measuresubstantiated the functional impairment of the medial temporal region inAlzheimer's disease. It also known that mean oxygen metabolism in themedial temporal, as well as in the parietal and lateral temporalcortices is significantly lower in the patients that are shown to haveAlzheimer's disease than in control groups without Alzheimer's disease(see Ishii et al., J. Nucl. Med. 37(7):1159-65, July 1996, which isherein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Thus, one potentialmeans of treating patients shown to have Alzheimer's disease is toincrease oxygen across the blood brain barrier. One method of doing sowould be to use an allosteric effector of hemoglobin such as treatmentwith ITPP, such as with the calcium salt of ITPP.

The use of ITPP, such as with the calcium salt of ITPP, may also help inthe treatment of a variety of vascular diseases associated with variousforms of dementia. Because the brain relies on a network of vessels tobring it oxygen-bearing blood, if the oxygen supply to the brain fails,brain cells are likely to die and this can cause symptoms of vasculardementia. These symptoms can occur either suddenly, following a stroke,or over time through a series of small strokes. Thus, one potentialmeans of treating patients with vascular diseases associated withvarious forms of dementia is to increase the oxygen available toaffected areas such as across the blood brain barrier. One method ofdoing so would be to use an allosteric effector of hemoglobin such astreatment with ITPP, such as with the calcium salt of ITPP.

Moreover, treatment of an individual with an allosteric effector ofhemoglobin such as the calcium salt of ITPP may have beneficial effectsfor both stroke victims and osteoporosis. Although stroke and thebone-thinning disease osteoporosis are usually thought of as twodistinct health problems, it has been found that there may be aconnection between them. Patients who survive strokes are significantlymore likely to suffer from osteoporosis, a disease that puts them athigh risk for bone fractures. Often, the fractures in stroke patientsoccur on the side of the body that has been paralyzed from the stroke.

It is known that a stroke occurs when the supply of blood and oxygen tothe brain ceases or is greatly reduced. If a portion of the brain losesits supply of nutrient-rich blood and oxygen, the bodily functionscontrolled by that part of the brain (vision, speech, walking, etc.) areimpaired. Annually, more than 500,000 people in the United States sufferstrokes and 150,000 of those people die as a result thereof. One meansof increasing oxygen flow to the brain is by use of an allostericeffector of hemoglobin such as treatment with the calcium salt of ITPP.Accordingly, a potential method of treating individuals who mightpotentially suffer stroke or osteoporosis is by treatment of anindividual with, for example, the calcium salt of ITPP.

Also contemplated by the present invention are implants or other devicescomprised of the compounds or drugs of ITPP, or prodrugs thereof, wherethe drug or prodrug is formulated in a biodegradable ornon-biodegradable polymer for sustained release. Non-biodegradablepolymers release the drug in a controlled fashion through physical ormechanical processes without the polymer itself being degraded.Biodegradable polymers are designed to gradually be hydrolyzed orsolubilized by natural processes in the body, allowing gradual releaseof the admixed drug or prodrug. The drug or prodrug can be chemicallylinked to the polymer or can be incorporated into the polymer byadmixture. Both biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers and theprocess by which drugs are incorporated into the polymers for controlledrelease are well known to those skilled in the art. Examples of suchpolymers can be found in many references, such as Brem et al., J.Neurosurg 74: pp. 441-446 (1991), which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety. These implants or devices can be implanted inthe vicinity where delivery is desired, for example, at the site of atumor.

In addition to the compounds of the present invention, thepharmaceutical composition of this invention may also contain, or beco-administered (simultaneously or sequentially) with, one or morepharmacological agents of value in treating one or more diseaseconditions referred to hereinabove.

A person skilled in the art will be able by reference to standard texts,such as Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 17^(th) edition, todetermine how the formulations are to be made and how these may beadministered.

In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided use ofcompounds of ITPP, such as ITPP-Ca or prodrugs thereof, according to thepresent invention for the preparation of a medicament for theprophylaxis or treatment of conditions associated with angiogenesis oraccelerated cell division or inflammation.

In another embodiment, the composition of the present invention can beused to treat any of Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and/or osteoporosis bydelivering an effective amount of ITPP.

In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided apharmaceutical composition comprising compounds of ITPP, such as ITPP-Caor prodrugs thereof, according to the present invention, together with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, adjuvant or excipient.

The pharmaceutical composition may be used for the prophylaxis ortreatment of conditions associated with angiogenesis or accelerated celldivision or inflammation, for treatment of Alzheimer's disease,treatment of stroke and/or osteoporosis.

In a still further aspect of the present invention there is provided amethod of prophylaxis or treatment of a condition associated withangiogenesis or accelerated or increased amounts of cell division,hypertrophic growth, or inflammation, said method includingadministering to a patient in need of such prophylaxis or treatment aneffective amount of compounds of ITPP, such as ITPP-Ca or prodrugsthereof, according to the present invention, as described herein. Itshould be understood that prophylaxis or treatment of said conditionincludes amelioration of said condition.

By “an effective amount” as referred to in this specification, it ismeant a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount. Suchamounts can be readily determined by an appropriately skilled person,taking into account the condition to be treated, the route ofadministration and other relevant factors. Such a person will readily beable to determine a suitable dose, mode and frequency of administration.“Individual” as referred to in this application refers to any animalthat may be in need of treatment for a given condition. “Individual”includes humans, other primates, household pets, livestock, rodents,other mammals, and any other animal(s) that may typically be treated bya veterinarian.

The compositions described above can be provided as physiologicallyacceptable formulations using known techniques, and these formulationscan be administered by standard routes. In general, the combinations maybe administered by the topical, oral, rectal, intraperitoneal orparenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular) route. Inaddition, the combinations may optionally be incorporated into polymersallowing for sustained release, the polymers being implanted in thevicinity of where delivery is desired, for example, at the site of atumor, or into an a cavity or blood vessel that will lead to easydelivery to the place to be treated. The dosage of the composition willdepend on the condition being treated, the particular derivative used,and other clinical factors such as weight and condition of the patientand the route of administration of the compound. However, for oraladministration, a recommended dosage is in the range of 0.00001 to 10g/kg/day. A dosage for oral administration is in the range of 0.5 to 2.0g/kg/day or alternatively, about 0.5 to about 1.5 g/kg/day. In analternate embodiment, a dosage for oral administration is in the rangeof about 0.80 to 1.0 g/kg/day or alternatively, about between 0.9 to 1.1g/kg/day.

The formulations in accordance with the present invention can beadministered in the form of tablet, a capsule, a lozenge, a cachet, asolution, a suspension, an emulsion, a powder, an aerosol, asuppository, a spray, a pastille, an ointment, a cream, a paste, a foam,a gel, a tampon, a pessary, a granule, a bolus, a mouthwash, or atransdermal patch.

The formulations include those suitable for oral, rectal, nasal,inhalation, topical (including dermal, transdermal, buccal andsublingual), vaginal, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular,intravenous, intraperitoneal, intradermal, intraocular, intratracheal,and epidural) or inhalation administration. The formulations mayconveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared byconventional pharmaceutical techniques. Such techniques include the stepof bringing into association the active ingredient and a pharmaceuticalcarrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared byuniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredientwith liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then,if necessary, shaping the product.

Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administrationmay be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tabletseach containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as apowder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquidor a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or awater-in-oil emulsion, etc.

A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one ormore accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared bycompressing, in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in afree-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with abinder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface-active ordispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding, in a suitablemachine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inertliquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and maybe formulated so as to provide a slow or controlled release of theactive ingredient therein.

Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth includelozenges comprising the ingredients in a flavored basis, usually sucroseand acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient inan inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; andmouthwashes comprising the ingredient to be administered in a suitableliquid carrier.

Formulations suitable for topical administration to the skin may bepresented as ointments, creams, gels and pastes comprising theingredient to be administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.A preferred topical delivery system is a transdermal patch containingthe ingredient to be administered.

Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppositorywith a suitable base comprising, for example, cocoa butter and/or asalicylate.

Formulations suitable for nasal administration, wherein the carrier is asolid, include a coarse powder having a particle size, for example, inthe range of 20 to 500 microns which is administered in the manner inwhich snuff is taken; i.e., by rapid inhalation through the nasalpassage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose.Suitable formulations, wherein the carrier is a liquid, foradministration, as for example, a nasal spray or as nasal drops, includeaqueous or oily solutions of the active ingredient.

Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented aspessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulationscontaining, in addition to the active ingredient, ingredients such ascarriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.

Formulation suitable for inhalation may be presented as mists, dusts,powders or spray formulations containing, in addition to the activeingredient, ingredients such as carriers as are known in the art to beappropriate.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous andnon-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants,buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonicwith the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueoussterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickeningagents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dosecontainers, for example, sealed ampules and vials, and may be stored infreeze-dried (lyophilized) conditions requiring only the addition of asterile liquid carrier, for example, water for injections, immediatelyprior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may beprepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kindspreviously described.

Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose orunit, daily sub-dose, as herein above recited, or an appropriatefraction thereof, of the administered ingredient.

It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients,particularly those mentioned above, the formulations of the presentinvention may include other agents conventional in the art having regardto the type of formulation in question, for example, those suitable fororal administration may include flavoring agents or other agents to makethe formulation more palatable and more easily swallowed.

Experimental

For the in vitro experiments, ITPP was dissolved in deionized water, pHwas adjusted at pH 7 and, for incubation with whole blood, theosmolarity of the ITPP solutions was adjusted with glucose to 270-297mOsM. Mixtures of hemoglobin and ITPP were measured with a HEMOXanalyzer (PD Marketing, London) immediately after mixing. Red bloodcells were incubated with ITPP for 1 hour at 37° C. Followingincubation, the cells were washed 3 times with Bis-Tris-buffer (pH=7.0)and then used for P₅₀ measurement.

In experiments conducted in vivo in which ITPP was administered orally,a significant shift of the P₅₀ value of circulating RBCs was observed.ITPP was dissolved in drinking water at a 20 g/L-concentration (=27 mM,pH˜7.0.) and offered for drinking ad libitum.

The following examples illustrate but do not limit the invention. Thus,the examples are presented with the understanding that modifications maybe made and still be within the spirit and scope of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Induced Right Shift of the O₂-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve(ODC) in Mice (Orally Administered)

Twelve (12) C57BL/6 mice were fed an ITPP-solution (20g/L-concentration=27 mM, pH˜7.0) for 4 days (up to 25 ml per 24 hrs).Three (3) control mice drank pure water, and four (4) control mice werefed a solution of myo-inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) (same concentrationand pH as ITPP). Blood was collected from all mice on day 0 (beforetreatment started), and on days 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12 (aftertreatment had started), in order to measure P₅₀ values.

Results

Oral application of ITPP caused significant right shifts of P₅₀ (Up to31%) in mice.

ITPP, when orally administered at a concentration of 27 mM, causes aright shift of the P₅₀ value in murine circulating red blood cells (seeFIG. 2). There is a time lag of approximately 48 hrs. before the maximumshift is attained. Maximal P₅₀ shifts are reached between day 2 and day4, after beginning oral administration of ITPP. After 12 days, P₅₀values are back to control values, when ingestion is stopped on day 4.There is a significant effect of ITPP ingestion on the number of redblood cells. Although not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believedthat the effect of ITPP ingestion on the number of red blood cellswherein down-regulation of erythropoiesis is seen is due to theincreased P₅₀. Hemolysis can be ruled out, as lysis of the red bloodcells never occurred in vitro. The level of ions, such as sodium andpotassium and calcium were normal after oral application of ITPP in mice(FIG. 3). FIG. 3 contains the mean values and SD for the serumconcentration of sodium, potassium and calcium obtained on day 0, 7 and11 after oral administration of ITPP (4 mice), IHP (3 mice) or water (3mice).

Blood counts were measured from all mice, on day 0, 7 and 11. The numberof red blood cells in mice having ingested ITPP was reduced. There wereno significant differences in the number of white blood cells (e.g.granulocytes, macrophages etc.) in blood from the mice in differentgroups. FIG. 4 shows the RBC counts for mice with shifted ODC ascompared to controls. FIG. 4 further shows the relation of P₅₀ shift [%]to number of erythrocytes/mm³ in mice having received ITPP. It appears,based upon preliminary data, that an inverse relationship exists betweenthe number of red blood cells and shift of their P₅₀ value. The basalvalue of the red blood cell count is restored, once ΔP₅₀ becomes 0%, 12days after ingestion of ITPP.

EXAMPLE 2 Induced Right Shift of the ODC in Mice (InjectedIntraperitoneally)

When ITPP (pH 7, 200 μl) was injected intraperitoneally in mice, the P₅₀values of circulating red blood cells were shifted up to 23%. FIG. 5demonstrates that ITPP was well tolerated by mice, up to a concentrationof 150 mM. The level of ions, such as sodium, potassium and calcium werenormal after intraperitoneal injection. Six (6) mice were each injectedintraperitoneally with 45-150 mM (=0.17-0.88 g/kg body weight) of ITPP.The mean values of % shift and standard deviation are shown in FIG. 5.

The concentration dependence of the P₅₀ shifts induced by ITPP is anadditional indication that this compound crosses the membrane of the redblood cells.

EXAMPLE 3 Induced Right Shift of the OCD in Piglets (IntravenouslyInjected)

ITPP was also injected intravenously (IV) in piglets. A right shift ofP₅₀ was observed when the compound was injected at a 1 g/kg body weightdose.

In order to check possible side effects of ITPP, the level of calcium inthe serum of the injected piglet was determined. A strong drop in theCa²⁺ concentration in the animal's blood immediately after infusionindicated the possibility that ITPP, with 3 dissociated phosphate groupsbinding Ca²⁺, reduces its availability as free ion in the blood. One dayafter infusion, the concentration of Ca²⁺ in the piglets' blood wasrestored to the normal value. These results are shown in Table 1. TABLE1 Ca²⁺ concentration in the piglet's circulation blood Ca²⁺ conc. Sampletaken [mmol/L] Before injection 2.38 10 min after completion ofinjection 1.73 24 hrs after injection 2.36

Based upon this observation, a CaCl₂ (equimolar to ITPP) solution wasinjected with the ITPP solution, so that the dissociated phosphategroups of ITPP were saturated. None of the side effects observedpreviously occurred. The level of calcium remained constant and the P₅₀shift was again approximately 20% of the basal value. The level ofsodium and potassium ions was unchanged after intravenous injection ofITPP in piglets.

EXAMPLE 4 Effect of In Vivo Lowering of Hemoglobin's Affinity for O₂ byITPP on Intratumoral PO₂ Angiogenesis and Expression of VEGF mRNA

ITPP, when administered orally, intravenously, or intraperitoneally,inhibits angiogenesis in growing tumors by enhancing the PO₂ in theforming tumors. Thirty (30) C57BL/6 mice received 20 g/L of ITPP orallyuntil the P₅₀ value showed a shift of at least 20% above the controlvalue. Thereafter, all animals received 1×10⁶ Lewis Lung carcinoma (LLC)cells, injected in the dorsal cavity. At different time points, the VEGFmRNA were assayed by RT-PCR in the tumors growing in both groups ofmice.

Tumor tissue samples were ground in a RIPA lysis buffer (1% Nonidet p-40detergent, 50 mM Tris pH 8.0, 137 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol) supplementedwith protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche, Reinach, Switzerland). Aftercentrifugation for 10 minutes at 4° C. and 12,000 g, proteinconcentrations of tissue extracts were determined according to theBradford method. Detergent soluble protein samples (10 mg) wereseparated by size on a SDS-PAGE in 10% acrylamide gels and transferredto nitrocellulose membrane (Protran BA 85, Schleicher and Schuell,Dassel, Germany). Membranes were blocked for 3 hours at room temperaturein 10% skim milk in Tris buffer saline containing 0.1% Tween, before anovernight incubation at 4° C. with rabbit polyclonal antibodiesrecognizing human, mouse and rat vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF A-20, sc-152, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, Calif.) at adilution of 1:200. Membranes were then probed for primary antibody withanti-rabbit (1:16,000) peroxidase conjugates (Sigma-Aldrich, L'Isled'Abeau Chesnes, France) for 60 minutes at room temperature. Theresulting complexes were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescenceautoradiography (Amersham Pharma Biotech, Orsay, France).

There was a difference in the level of mRNA of the VEGF gene in bothgroups. FIG. 6 shows an agarose gel indicating the VEGF mRNAconcentrations in tumors from control and ITPP drinking animals. TheRT-PCR agarose gel assay of VEGF mRNAs from tumor tissue taken from 2mice each on day 15 after inoculation of LLC cells (track 1: controls,track 2: ITPP treated animals) and day 30 after inoculation (track 3:control animals, track 4: ITPP treated animals). FIG. 7 shows theWestern blot assay of the expressed VEGF in tumors of control andITPP-treated LLC tumor-bearing animals.

Quantification of the gel assays indicated a reduction by a factor of10,000 of the amount of VEGF mRNAs detected in the tumors of animalshaving received ITPP, at day 9 and then, while differences remainbetween treated and untreated animals, they tend to decrease. Thisindicates that ITPP taken up by circulating red blood cellssignificantly increases tumor PO₂.

EXAMPLE 5 Effectiveness of the Calcium Salt of Myo-InositolTripyrophosphate

When myo-inositol tripyrophosphate-sodium salt (ITPP-Na) is mixed withCaCl₂, a mixture of ITPP-Na and ITPP-Ca (myo-inositoltripyrophosphate-calcium salt) is obtained. This mixture, when added tofree hemoglobin or to whole blood induces a P₅₀ shift of 170% and 25%,respectively as shown in Tables 2 and 3 below. Please see the results inTables 2 and 3 for compound 15. The compounds in Tables 2 and 3 are asfollows: 4 is the pyridinium salt of ITPP, 5 is the sodium salt of ITPP(i.e., ITPP-Na), 7 is the N,N-dimethylcyclohexyl ammonium salt of ITPP,11 is the cycloheptyl ammonium salt of ITPP, 12 is the cyclooctylammonium salt of ITPP, 13 is the piperazinium salt of ITPP, 14 is thetripiperazinium salt of ITPP, and 15 is the calcium salt of ITPP (i.e.,ITPP-Ca).

In Tables 2 and 3, the effectiveness of all of the salts of ITPPregarding their ability to act as allosteric effectors of hemoglobin canbe seen. The sodium salt and the calcium salt of ITPP appear to be thebest allosteric effectors for both free hemoglobin (Table 2) and inwhole blood (Table 3). However, pigs injected intravenously with ITPP-Naat a rate of 1 g/kg weight resulted in a number of adverse side effects.The intravenous injection of pigs with ITPP-Na resulted in flushing, anincrease in the heart rate, and a decrease in the Ca²⁺ plasmaconcentration from 2.38 mmol/L to 1.76 mmol/L.

Administration of the mixture of the sodium and calcium salt of ITPP, atthe same dosage did not induce any of the cited effects and the Ca²⁺plasma concentration stayed unchanged at 2.38 mmol/L.

This lack of toxicity of the mixture of Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ ITPP salts inducedthe synthesis and purification of the ITPP Ca²⁺ salt, which is describedbelow. While the Ca²⁺ ITPP salt was not quite the allosteric effector inpure hemoglobin or in red blood cells that the sodium salt was (seeTables 2 and 3), the calcium salt did not have any of the adverse sideeffects that were associated with the sodium salt when administered toone or more individuals. Accordingly, the calcium/sodium mixed salt ofITPP was found to be of particular interest and was further studied.

EXAMPLE 6 Demonstration of Antitumor Activity of the Calcium/Sodiummixed salt of Myo-Inositol Tripyrophosphate

FIG. 8 shows calcium/sodium mixed saltITPP-loaded RBCs suppression ofHIF-1 induction, VEGF and angiogenesis of hypoxic endothelial cells invitro. FIG. 9 shows that Ca/Na mixed ITPP is highly affective inreducing Morris hepatoma in rats after 4 weekly IV inoculations. FIG. 10indicates that ITPP may have a dual action as a radiation sensitizer andas an angiogenesis inhibitor in pancreatic and rectal cancers. FIG. 11shows the affect of ITPP on total survival of rats bearing Morrishepatoma. In this experiment, 500 mg/kg of the mixed salt of ITPP wasadministered intravenously to the rats once a week for four weeks. Therewas no evidence of tumor in the ITPP treated rats after 70 days.

EXAMPLE 7 Preparation of the Calcium Salt of Myo-Inositol1,6:2,3:4,5-Tripyrophosphate

The hexasodium and hexapyridinium salts of myo-inositol tripyrophosphate(ITPP-Na and ITPP-py) are obtained from myo-inositol hexaphosphate (IHP)as described in K. C. Fylaktakidou, J. M. Lehn, R. Greferath and C.Nicolau, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2005, 15, 1605-1608,which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other saltsof myo-inositol tripyrophosphate can also be made in accordance with theFylaktakidou et al. reference. See also, L. F. Johnson and M. E. Tate,Can. J. Chem., 1969, 47, 63, which is also incorporated by reference inits entirety for a description of phytins.

Other compounds can be made from the above compounds. For example,passing an aqueous solution of ITPP-py over an ion-exchange Dowex H⁺column gives a solution of the corresponding perprotonated form ofmyo-inositol tripyrophosphate (i.e., ITPP-H).

Treatment of the ITPP-H with three equivalents of calcium hydroxide (oneequivalent per pyrophosphate group) yields the tricalcium salt ITPP-Ca,which can then be isolated by evaporation of the aqueous solution underreduced pressure such as by use of a rotary evaporator (i.e., arotovap).

Alternatively, ITPP-Ca can be produced by the addition of equimolaramounts of CaCl₂ with an aqueous solution of ITPP-Na. The resultingmixture gives ITPP-Ca, which is contaminated with NaCl. It has beenfound that it is important to have a calcium/sodium mixed salt of ITPP.The pure calcium salt of ITPP was found to be relatively insoluble whilethe pure sodium salt was found to be relatively toxic.

Accordingly, in an embodiment, the present invention relates to acalcium salt of inositol tripyrophosphate wherein, optionally, theinositol tripyrophosphate is myo-inositol 1,6:2,3:4,5 tripyrophosphate.It is contemplated that other salts of myo-inositol tripyrophosphatesuch as the lithium, beryllium, magnesium, potassium, strontium, barium,rubidium and cesium salts of myo-inositol tripyrophosphate can be madeand are therefore within the scope of the present invention. These saltscan be used in combination with the calcium salt of myo-inositoltripyrophosphate. Alternatively, mixtures of these salts can be made orthey can be used without the calcium salt of myo-inositoltripyrophosphate.

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the calcium salt of inositol tripyrophosphate anda pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent, carrier, or excipientthereof. In this pharmaceutical composition, the inositoltripyrophosphate is optionally myo-inositol 1,6:2,3:4,5tripyrophosphate. In an alternate embodiment, the composition of thepresent invention may also optionally contain the sodium salt ofmyo-inositol tripyrophosphate, preferably in a ratio of 4 Na⁺ ions to 1Ca⁺⁺ ion per ITPP molecule. It is contemplated and therefore within thescope of the present invention that other myo-inositol tripyrophosphatesalts may be used in connection with the calcium salt of myo-inositoltripyrophosphate, including, but not limited to, the pyridinium salt,the N,N-dimethylcyclohexyl ammonium salt, the cycloheptyl ammonium salt,the cyclooctyl ammonium salt, the piperazinium salt and thetripiperazinium salt.

In an embodiment, the above compositions comprise as the myo-inositoltripyrophosphate, myo-inositol 1,6:2,3:4,5 tripyrophosphate. Thecomposition optionally is prepared at a dosage to treat cancer. Thetreatable cancers include, but are not limited to, rhabdomyosarcomas,retinoblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma, neuroblastoma, and/or osteosarcoma.Moreover, the cancers to be treated may optionally include one or moreof breast cancer, prostrate cancer, renal cell cancer, brain cancer,ovarian cancer, colon cancer, bladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomachcancer, esophageal cancer, cutaneous melanoma, liver cancer, lungcancer, testicular cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, cervicalcancer, lymphoma, parathyroid cancer, penile cancer, rectal cancer,small intestine cancer, thyroid cancer, uterine cancer, Hodgkin'slymphoma, lip and oral cancer, skin cancer, leukemia, or multiplemyeloma.

In an embodiment, the composition of the present invention is preparedin any of the above-enumerated ways of delivering a dosage ofmyo-inositol 1,6:2,3:4,5 tripyrophosphate (such as the calcium salt ofthis compound) so that between about 0.5 and 1.5 g/kg, and optionallybetween about 0.9 and 1.1 g/kg per day, is delivered in an effectiveamount.

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a method ofmaking the myo-inositol 1,6:2,3:4,5 tripyrophosphate calcium saltwherein the method comprises adding a calcium salt containing organiccompound to a perprotonated form of myo-inositol tripyrophosphate. In anembodiment, the calcium salt containing organic compound is one or moreof calcium hydroxide, calcium chloride, calcium bromide, calcium iodide,and calcium fluoride. In an embodiment the method comprises adding atleast a three to one ratio of the calcium containing organic compoundrelative to the perprotonated myo-inositol tripyrophosphate compoundamount. Accordingly, in an embodiment, the method comprises adding atleast a three to one ratio of the calcium hydroxide relative to theamount of perprotonated myo-inositol tripyrophosphate compound.

In another embodiment, the present invention is related to a method oftreating cancer comprising administering to an individual apharmaceutically acceptable amount of any of the above enumeratedcompositions, wherein the active ingredient in the composition (i.e.,ITPP) is administered to an individual at a dosage of about 0.5 and 1.5g/kg or alternatively, in an amount that is between about 0.9 and 1.1g/kg per day.

In an alternative embodiment, the present invention is directed to amethod of shifting a hemoglobin P₅₀ level towards higher values ofoxygen partial pressure comprising administering to an individual aneffective amount of a calcium salt of myo-inositol 1,6:2,3:4,5tripyrophosphate alone or in combination with one of the aboveenumerated salts of ITPP. In this method, the calcium salt ofmyo-inositol 1,6:2,3:4,5 tripyrophosphate optionally is administered aspart of a composition wherein the composition optionally contains one ormore of an adjuvant, a diluent, a carrier, or an excipient. The calciumsalt of myo-inositol 1,6:2,3:4,5 tripyrophosphate in this composition isadministered at a dosage of about 0.5 and 1.5 g/kg, or alternatively, ata dosage of between about 0.9 and 1.1 g/kg per day. Alternatively, ifother ITPP salts are used in combination with ITPP-Ca, the total dosageof ITPP (from all salt forms) may be delivered at a dosage of about 0.5and 1.5 g/kg per day, or alternatively, delivered at a dosage of betweenabout 0.9 and 1.1 g/kg per day.

In another embodiment, the composition of the present invention can beused to treat any of Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and/or osteoporosis bydelivering an effective amount of an ITPP salt, such as the calcium saltof ITPP.

Having described the invention with reference to particularcompositions, method for detection, and source of activity, andproposals of effectiveness, and the like, it will be apparent to thoseof skill in the art that it is not intended that the invention belimited by such illustrative embodiments or mechanisms, and thatmodifications can be made without departing from the scope or spirit ofthe invention, as defined by the appended claims. It is intended thatall such obvious modifications and variations be included within thescope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims. Itshould be understood that any of the above described one or moreelements from any embodiment can be combined with any one or moreelement in any other embodiment. Moreover, when a range is mentioned, itshould be understood that it is contemplated that any real number thatfalls within the range is a contemplated end point. For example, if arange of 0.9 and 1.1 g/kg is given, it is contemplated that any realnumber value that falls within that range (for example, 0.954 to 1.052g/kg) is contemplated as a subgenus range of the invention, even ifthose values are not explicitly mentioned. All references referred toherein are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Finally, theabove description is not to be construed to limit the invention but theinvention should rather be defined by the below claims. TABLE 2 P₅₀ _(—)values of free Hb after incubation with compounds 4, 5, 7, 11-14 and 15,in vitro P₅₀ (Torr) P₅₀ (Torr) Hb + P₅₀ increase (%) + Compound free Hbcompound SD  4 (H) 15.3 31.6 107 ± 22 (M) 25.0 50.0 100 ± 18  5 (H) 15.349.8 225 ± 19 (M) 24.9 69.7 180 ± 25 (P) 22.0 68.1 209 ± 39  7 (M) 24.945.1  81 ± 15 11 (M) 24.9 43.8  76 ± 13 12 (M) 24.9 30.6 23 ± 5 13 (M)23.4 67.7 189 ± 43 14 (M) 23.4 82.9 254 ± 49 15 (H) 12.3 33.1 170 ± 32(M) 26.9 61.9 130 ± 30H = human; M = murine; P = porcine free Hb. Concentration of thecompound solution was 60 mM. Means of P₅₀ shifts in % are shown. SD =standard deviation. Compounds 4, 7, 11, 12, 14 and 15: three P₅₀ valueseach were used for the calculation of means; compound 5: with humanblood: five values, murine blood: ten values and porcine blood: threevalues were used for the calculation of the means of P₅₀ shifts in %.

TABLE 3 P₅₀ _(—) values of whole blood after incubation with compounds4, 5, 7, 11-14 and 15, in vitro P₅₀ (Torr) P₅₀ (Torr) compound + P₅₀increase (%) + Compound whole blood whole blood SD  4 (H) 22.1 24.3 10 ±4 (M) 37.9 42.7 13 ± 2  5 (H) 22.1 30.8 39^(a) ± 5  (P) 31.6 44.2 40^(a)± 3  (M) 36.7 47.4 29^(b) ± 3  (M) 40.1 52.0 30 ± 3  7 (M) 37.9 45.5 20± 2 11 (M) 37.9 41.3  9 ± 1 12 (M) 37.9 41.7 10 ± 2 13 (M) 39.2 41.9  7± 1 14 (M) 39.2 42.3  8 ± 2 15 (H) 24.8 31.0 25 ± 3 (M) 40.1 55.3 38^(a)± 4 H = human; M = murine; P = porcine whole blood. Compound concentrations:30mM; means of (four single values) P₅₀ shifts + SD are shown.^(a)Compound concentration: 60 mM.^(b)Compound concentration: 4 mM.

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1. The calcium and sodium mixed salt of inositol tripyrophosphate. 2.The calcium and sodium mixed salt of claim 1, wherein the inositoltripyrophosphate is myo-inositol 1,6:2,3:4,5 tripyrophosphate.
 3. Apharmaceutical composition comprising the calcium salt of inositoltripyrophosphate and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent,carrier, or excipient thereof.
 4. A method of treating cancer in a humanor animal comprising administering to the human or animal an effectiveamount of the calcium and sodium mixed salt of inositoltripyrophosphate.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the cancer isselected from one or more of the group consisting of breast cancer,prostrate cancer, renal cell cancer, brain cancer, ovarian cancer, coloncancer, bladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer, esophagealcancer, cutaneous melanoma, liver cancer, lung cancer, testicularcancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, cervical cancer, lymphoma,parathyroid cancer, penile cancer, rectal cancer, small intestinecancer, thyroid cancer, uterine cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, lip and oralcancer, skin cancer, leukemia, and multiple myeloma.